International Summit on Hormonal Disorders November 21-22, 2022 Berlin, Germany

Weight management medications are meant to help people who have health problems related to overweight or obesity. Health care professionals use BMI to help decide whether you might benefit from weight management medications. Weight management medications aren’t for everyone with a high BMI. If you are overweight or have obesity, you might be able to lose weight with a lifestyle program that changes your behaviors and improves your eating and physical activity habits. A lifestyle program may also address other things that cause you to gain weight, such as eating triggers and not getting enough sleep.

 Recent evidence suggests that development of obesity involves hormones and neurotransmitters (such as leptin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and ghrelin) that regulate appetite and energy expenditure. These hormones act on specific centers in the brain that regulate the sensations of satiety. Mutations in these hormones or their receptors can lead to obesity. The prevalence of obesity, which is a heritable trait that arises from the interactions of multiple genes and lifestyle factors, continues to increase worldwide, causing serious health problems and imposing a substantial economic burden on societies.

Counseling should address unrealistic patient expectations. Emphasize that even a small weight loss can have significant results; a 5% weight loss, for example, reduces type 2 diabetes risk by 60%.Encourage patients to seek counseling. The focus of counseling is 2-fold: initial weight loss and sustained weight loss. Sustained weight loss is especially problematic—up to 95% of patients regain their weight within 5 years. Some patients may be puzzled by the fact that they are eating less, but are not losing weight. This occurs when the brain senses reduced intake and attempts to compensate by decreasing energy expenditure.

Obesity is a chronic disease with a multifactorial etiology including genetics, environment, metabolism, lifestyle, and behavioral components. Obesity often results from taking in more calories than are burned by exercise and normal daily activities.Obesity occurs when a person's body mass index is 25 or greater. The excessive body fat increases the risk of serious health problems.

There is an association between increased weight gain and increased inflammation. More weight can mean more inflammation. However, reducing excess weight also tends to mean less inflammation. Gut inflammation may also be a contributing factor and can lead to weight gain. Obesity may be a low-grade systemic inflammatory disease. Inflammation is an ordered sequence of events engineered to maintain tissue and organ homeostasis. The timely release of mediators and expression of receptors are essential to complete the program and restore tissues to their original condition.

The approaches used to identify genes linked to obesity depend on the form of obesity and genotyping technology available at the time. Early gene discovery studies for monogenic forms of obesity had a case-focused design: patients with severe obesity, together with their affected and unaffected family members, were examined for potential gene-disrupting causal mutations via Sanger sequencing. By contrast, genetic variation associated with common forms of obesity have been identified in large-scale population studies, either using a case–control design or continuous traits such as BMI. 

People who are obese have hormone levels that encourage the accumulation of body fat. It seems that behaviours such as overeating and lack of regular exercise, over time, 'reset' the processes that regulate appetite and body fat distribution to make the person physiologically more likely to gain weight. The body is always trying to maintain balance, so it resists any short-term disruptions such as crash dieting. There is evidence to suggest that long-term behaviour changes, such as healthy eating and regular exercise, can re-train the body to shed excess body fat and keep it off.

Common treatments for overweight and obesity include losing weight through healthy eating, being more physically active, and making other changes to your usual habits. Weight-management programs may help some people lose weight or keep from regaining lost weight. Maintaining a healthy weight is important for health. In addition to lowering the risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and high blood pressure, it can also lower the risk of many different cancers.

 A state in which a child is expressively weighty for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity ,it indicates to diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. There may be no signs except weight that's beyond usual. Cultivating the entire family's diet and exercise is the greatest technique to reach a in good physical shape in the child.  It can also lead to poor self-confidence and despair. Considering and avoiding childhood obesity helps keep your child's health now and in the future. overweight and obesity are expected to be the results of an rise in caloric and fat consumption.

Obese individuals require more blood to supply oxygen and nutrients to their bodies which causes an increase in blood pressure. Your body will also require more pressure to move this blood around. High blood pressure is also a common cause of heart attack, which are sadly more common for obese individuals.  Being overweight can lead to fatty material building up in your arteries (the blood vessels that carry blood to your organs). If the arteries that carry blood to your heart get damaged and clogged, it can lead to a heart attack.

Being overweight or obese increases the chances of developing the common type of diabetes, type 2 diabetes. In this disease, the body makes enough insulin but the cells in the body have become resistant to the salutary action of insulin. It is a well-known fact that if you are overweight or obese, you are at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes, particularly if you have excess weight around your tummy.

The excess body fat increases your risk for several cancers, including colorectal, uterine, post menopausal breast, esophageal, What’s less clear is exactly how being obese increases that risk. Experts believe it’s largely due to the inflammation caused by visceral fat – the fat that surrounds your vital organs. Overweight and obesity can cause changes in the body that help lead to cancer. These changes can include long-lasting inflammation and higher than normal levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor, and sex hormone.

Obesity and hypothyroidism are two common clinical conditions that have been linked together closely. The link has become more significant in the context of an unprecedented rise in the prevalence of obesity worldwide. Obesity is generally regarded by patients as being secondary to thyroid dysfunction. Novel view indicates that changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) could well be secondary to obesity.

The pituitary gland in our brain produces growth hormone, which influences a person's height and helps build bone and muscle. Growth hormone also affects metabolism Researchers have found that growth hormone levels in people who are obese are lower than in people of normal weight. Obesity can be associated with several endocrine alterations arising as a result of changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary hormones axes. These include hypothyroidism, Cushing’s disease, hypogonadism and growth hormone deficiency.

Oestrogens are sex hormones made by the ovaries .They are answerable for encouraging  ovulation every menstrual cycle. The fluctuations with age in the sex hormone levels of both men and women are related with modifications in body fat supply. While women of childbearing age tend to accumulate fat in their lower body, older men and postmenopausal women tend to rise storage of fat round their abdomen Postmenopausal women who are taking oestrogen supplements don’t store fat around their abdomen.

Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, is significant for the regulation of carbohydrates and the breakdown of fat. Insulin stimulates glucose acceptance from the blood in tissues such as muscles, the liver and fat. This is a vital practice to make sure that energy is available for routine functioning and to keep normal levels of circulating glucose.

Obesity among pregnant women is becoming one of the most significant women's health problems. Maternal obesity is now stately one of the maximum arising risk factors seen in obstetric practice. Paralleled with women with a healthy pre-pregnancy weight, women with obesity are at bigger risk of miscarriage, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, venous thromboembolism, induced labour, caesarean section, anaesthetic obstacles and wound infections, and they are fewer to initiate or maintain breastfeeding.